footnotes

9   Yet today, one in eight families in the UK (3.3 million people) have no access to a garden, let alone an estate several acres wide.
https://www.inyourarea.co.uk/news/one-in-eight-british-families-has-no-access-to-a-garden-during-lockdown/

55 million citizens own an average of 0.07 acres 

14  From the microbes in the ground, which stimulate our brain to release serotonin
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/66840#1

to the gentle sounds of birdsong or flowing water, 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872309

Just a two-hour dip in the forest air can strengthen your immune system for up to thirty days afterwards.   
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4962166

16 A study in Stanford, California
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204615000286

Nature encourages our brain to find different routes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12086747

By immersing ourselves regularly in cold water
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1192048

17 As a result, their absence in our lives is thought to cause abnormal functionality of the immune system
https://www.pnas.org/content/113/22/E3130

Nature can make us kinder
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494413000893

18 And that’s when we see these bursts in creativity
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_nature_makes_you_kinder_happier_more_creative

19 According to research carried out in 2016, over 9 million UK adults – almost a fifth of the population – feel lonely all or most of the time
https://www.campaigntoendloneliness.org/the-facts-on-loneliness/

Spending time in the natural environment – as a resident or a visitor – improves our mental health
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/693158/25-year-environment-plan.pdf

An independent study by the University of Essex into Wildlife Trusts volunteering programmes   
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/news/new-report-links-volunteering-nature-better-mental-health

23 This is not just a bill. It is a people’s charter
https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1949/mar/31/national-parks-and-access-to-the

24 ‘reducing the sedentary population by one percent could reduce both morbidity and mortality rates at £1.44 billion a year’   
https://nhsforest.org/sites/default/files/Prescribing%20Green%20Space-3.pdf

the related costs to the national economy of welfare payments and lost productivity are thought to be in the region of £77 billion per year.
https://www.networks.nhs.uk/nhs-networks/regional-mental-health-workshop-mids-east/documents/supporting-materials/nmhdu-factfile-3.pdf

25 Preventing and tackling mental health through ‘green social prescribing’
https://deframedia.blog.gov.uk/2020/07/20/environment-secretary-sets-out-his-vision-for-our-environmental-recovery/

28 One must remember that landownership is ultimately simply a legal fiction
https://www.lexico.com/definition/legal_fiction

29 All three of these are based on the principle that ‘any person’s body is inviolate
Catherine Elliott & Francis Quinn. Tort Law (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman (2007)

32 And yet the rotten core of this bill remains, as evidenced by a Guardian investigation published in May 2021
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/20/removal-of-traveller-camps-pledged-in-tory-facebook-campaigns

43 Section 3 (5) of the Water Industry Act (1991)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1991/56/section/3

45 And yet, England is one of the least wooded nations in Europe.
https://gabrielhemery.com/european-countries-and-their-forest-cover/.

46 The 30 million people living near them would have better access to outdoor recreation and the mental and physical health benefits that come with this
https://www.cpre.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/State_of_the_Green_Belt_2018.pdf

The 2021 National Planning Policy Framework
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-planning-policy-framework–2

47 CPRE’s 2021 ‘State of the Green Belt’ report
https://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/state-of-the-green-belt-2021/

48 Eric Pickles commissioned what he called the ‘First Public Property Map’
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-public-property-map-councils-could-save-billions

they would provide over a million more people with easy access to green space
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/uk-lockdown-golf-clubs-told-to-open-fairways-for-daily-strollers-zzzwq689c

49 Due to wildlife management programmes that protect wildflowers and bees’
https://www.golfmagic.com/golf-news/report-shows-opening-golf-courses-would-help-over-million-people

50 These are exceptional times and our members were keen to help the community
https://www.golfmagic.com/golf-news/report-shows-opening-golf-courses-would-help-over-million-people

61 The Finnish Right to Roam
https://www.visitfinland.com/article/everymans-rights/#38dc8ff2

70 ‘The more people are given the opportunity to stay in nature, the more people want to protect it.
https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210418-the-swedish-law-of-wanderlust

‘People who made more nature visits were more likely to engage in recycling and more likely to engage in green travel and were more likely to engage in environmental volunteering.’
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-51110546

78 Hunting, fishing, shooting, coursing, you name it, we were there
https://www.countryside-alliance.org/news/sense-purpose-20-years-countryside-alliance

114 In 2016, the UK generated 222.9 million tonnes of waste https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49827945.

115 The signs caused an increase in theft
https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2018/09/can-we-hack-our-tribal-brains-to-protect-the-planet/

119 a regular connection to nature has been shown to make people more concerned about the wider environment, to change their behaviour to combat climate change
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-51110546

123 Ohio found that 10–50 per cent of the bacteria in the air came from dog crap lying on the floor    
https://www.livescience.com/44732-eliminating-pet-poop-pollution.html

135 ‘a form of science developed and enacted by the citizens themselves’
Alan Irwin, Citizen Science: A Study of People, Expertise and Sustainable Development, Routledge, London, 1995, p. xi.

136 where more than five thousand people came together on their hands and knees to study the area
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/2011-bioblitz/.

‘much less prone to fake news and all these problems that we are facing in the information age’
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07106-5

140 ‘A particular focus has been on the impact of such habitat changes on bird populations and the continuing declines despite the use of conservation instruments’
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.13695

157 with a paper published in the Southern California Law Review   
https://iseethics.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/stone-christopher-d-should-trees-have-standing.pdf

172 £2,000 a year over the past decade on promoting the Countryside Code, campaigners say
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/26/littering-epidemic-england-countryside-code

195 disgust ‘is the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason’s power to fully articulate it’
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165349

Writing in Hiding From Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law
https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691126258/hiding-from-humanity

197 Someone who chooses to enter the water willingly accepts the risks that are obvious and usual in undertaking this activity and cannot succeed in a claim against the landowner if they suffer injury as a result.
https://www.outdoorswimmingsociety.com/sixteen-reasons-reservoirs

Jean Perraton’s book Swimming against the Stream contains an excellent account of how this belief about landowners’ liability came about
Jean Perraton, Swimming against the Stream, Jon Carpenter, Charlbury, 2005.

210 a healing space away from the ills of the wider culture’ and one in which female practitioners can ‘redefine and empower themselves’

Susan Greenwood, ‘The Nature of the Goddess: Sexual Identities and Power in Contemporary Witchcraft’, in Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World, eds Joanne Pearson, Richard H. Roberts and Geoffrey Samuel, Edinburgh University Press, 1998, pp. 101–110.

244 Recent research by CPRE has shown Kettering to be one of the most nature deprived areas in England
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/04/england-national-parks-out-of-reach-for-poorer-people-study

250 for every £1 invested in farming support, the industry gives back £7.40 to the economy
https://cropscience.bayer.co.uk/blog/articles/2019/10/farming-facts/

269 The BBC documentary The People vs. Climate Change
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p097sbzc

270 In 2016, the ‘State of Nature’ report pooled data
https://www.rspb.org.uk/globalassets/downloads/documents/conservation-projects/state-of-nature/state-of-nature-uk-report-2016.pdf